Hlinitan (Al(OH)3) je chemick\u00e1 zl\u00fa\u010denina so vzorcom Al(OH). Je to biela kry\u0161talick\u00e1 pevn\u00e1 l\u00e1tka, ktor\u00e1 sa vyr\u00e1ba rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165an\u00edm hydroxidu hlinit\u00e9ho (gibsitu) v roztoku \u017eieravej s\u00f3dy, pri\u010dom vznikaj\u00fa biele kry\u0161t\u00e1ly hlinitanu.<\/p>\n
Fotoluminiscencia d\u00e1va tomuto materi\u00e1lu jeho charakteristick\u00fa vlastnos\u0165; ke\u010f je vystaven\u00fd svetlu, vy\u017earuje stra\u0161ideln\u00fa \u017eiaru, ktor\u00e1 svieti nadpozemsk\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom.<\/p>\n
V ch\u00e9mii sa pod pojmom \"hlinitan\" rozumie ak\u00e1ko\u013evek zl\u00fa\u010denina obsahuj\u00faca hlin\u00edkovo-oxyani\u00f3nov\u00fd ani\u00f3n. T\u00e1to zl\u00fa\u010denina tvor\u00ed mnohoat\u00f3mov\u00fd ani\u00f3n s jedn\u00fdm centr\u00e1lnym at\u00f3mom hlin\u00edka; okrem toho sa m\u00f4\u017ee vz\u0165ahova\u0165 aj na hydratovan\u00e9 formy hydroxidu hlinit\u00e9ho; okrem toho sa \u0161iroko pou\u017e\u00edva v stavebnom priemysle ako reologick\u00e1 pr\u00edsada, farbiace moridlo alebo na ur\u00fdchlenie tuhnutia bet\u00f3nu.<\/p>\n
Ako \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 n\u00e1hrada chloridu \u017eelezit\u00e9ho a s\u00edranu sodn\u00e9ho pri \u010disten\u00ed kysl\u00fdch odpadov\u00fdch v\u00f4d sa bentonitov\u00fd koagulant sodn\u00fd \u0161iroko pou\u017e\u00edva ako surovina pri v\u00fdrobe \u017eiaruvzdorn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov, ako je karbid krem\u00edka a kalcinovan\u00fd bauxit. Okrem toho bentonit sodn\u00fd p\u00f4sob\u00ed ako d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 pr\u00edmes pri v\u00fdrobe cementu - najm\u00e4 pri pr\u00edprave vysoko\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho bet\u00f3nu na b\u00e1ze portlandsk\u00e9ho uhlia (HPC).<\/p>\n
Hlinitan je druh \u00edlovit\u00e9ho miner\u00e1lu z\u00edskavan\u00e9ho z bauxitovej rudy a pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho v mnoh\u00fdch aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, ako s\u00fa brusiv\u00e1, keramika a chemick\u00e9 spracovanie. Okrem toho, \u017ee je priemyselnou surovinou, zohr\u00e1va k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu pri v\u00fdrobe hlin\u00edka a z\u00e1rove\u0148 je zlo\u017ekou pou\u017e\u00edvanou na v\u00fdrobu sklenen\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov, keramiky a hnoj\u00edv.<\/p>\n
Hlinitan je hydrata\u010dn\u00fd produkt hydroxidu hlinit\u00e9ho a existuje ako biela kry\u0161talick\u00e1 pevn\u00e1 l\u00e1tka so vzorcom AlO 2. Vyr\u00e1ba sa reakciou medzi hydroxidom hlinit\u00fdm a vodou a je \u0161iroko pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd ako priemyseln\u00fd materi\u00e1l v aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch vr\u00e1tane br\u00fasnych materi\u00e1lov, plastov\u00fdch pln\u00edv a v\u00fdroby keramiky. Okrem toho je v\u010faka svojim vlastnostiam vynikaj\u00facim izolantom - do takej miery, \u017ee sa na\u0148 spoliehaj\u00fa v\u00fdrobcovia optick\u00fdch k\u00e1blov a spolo\u010dnosti vyr\u00e1baj\u00face n\u00e1tery kovov ho pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa ako ochrann\u00fd n\u00e1ter proti kor\u00f3zii.<\/p>\n
Ako s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 \u017eiaruvzdorn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, ktor\u00fd zlep\u0161uje hydraulick\u00e9 vlastnosti bet\u00f3nu, m\u00f4\u017ee kremi\u010ditan sodn\u00fd sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 aj ako n\u00e1hradn\u00e1 pr\u00edmes alebo dokonca ako s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 vlastnej b\u00e1zy pri v\u00fdrobe ocele.<\/p>\n
Pod\u013ea piatkov\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed agent\u00fary Reuters prejavilo z\u00e1ujem o k\u00fapu spolo\u010dnosti Kerneos, div\u00edzie alumin\u00e1tov spolo\u010dnosti Materis, nieko\u013eko spolo\u010dnost\u00ed zaoberaj\u00facich sa v\u00fdkupom a obchodovan\u00edm za pribli\u017ene 1,4 miliardy eur. Kerneos sa stal jednou z k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch siln\u00fdch str\u00e1nok spolo\u010dnosti Materis so silnou poz\u00edciou na trhu hlinitokremi\u010ditanov.<\/p>\n
Hlin\u00edk je jedn\u00fdm z naju\u017eito\u010dnej\u0161\u00edch ne\u017eelezn\u00fdch kovov, ktor\u00fd sa pou\u017e\u00edva od lietadiel a automobilov a\u017e po plechovky na nealkoholick\u00e9 n\u00e1poje, stavebn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly a ochrann\u00e9 z\u00e1bradlia. K tomu, \u017ee sa hlin\u00edk stal z nedostatkov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu \u0161iroko pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm, prispeli do ve\u013ekej miery vedci, ktor\u00ed objavili sp\u00f4sob jeho z\u00edskavania z rudy.<\/p>\n
Term\u00edn alumin\u00e1t bol prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t pou\u017eit\u00fd vo franc\u00faz\u0161tine v roku 1814 ako alternat\u00edvny n\u00e1zov pre olovnat\u00fd hlin\u00edk, ktor\u00fd vznik\u00e1 reakciou olova s kalcinovan\u00fdm bauxitom. N\u00e1zov m\u00e1 korene v latinskom alumen, \u010do znamen\u00e1 hork\u00e1 so\u013e.<\/p>\n
Hlinitan sa v pr\u00edrode vyskytuje ako biela, \u017elt\u00e1 alebo \u010derven\u00e1 kry\u0161talick\u00e1 l\u00e1tka s chemick\u00fdm vzorcom AlO 2 3 (bezvod\u00fd) alebo NaAl(OH)4 (hydratovan\u00fd). \u010cist\u00fd hlinitan sl\u00fa\u017ei ako z\u00e1klad pre \u017eiaruvzdorn\u00e9 tehly a ako tavidlo v procesoch v\u00fdroby skla; okrem toho sa vyu\u017e\u00edva ako prostriedok na \u00fapravu vody a pomocn\u00fd flokulant na u\u013eah\u010denie flokul\u00e1cie pri odstra\u0148ovan\u00ed oxidu kremi\u010dit\u00e9ho a fosf\u00e1tov z vodn\u00fdch zdrojov.<\/p>\n
Hoci sa v\u00fdroba hlin\u00edka za\u010dala u\u017e v roku 1800, priemyselne v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00e1 sa za\u010dali vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 elektrol\u00fdzou a\u017e koncom 60. rokov 19. storo\u010dia. Priekopn\u00edkmi tohto procesu boli Charles Martin Hall z Ohia a Paul-Louis Toussaint Heroult z Franc\u00fazska; Hall si svoj objav nechal patentova\u0165 v roku 1886 s podporou Alfreda Ephera Hunta, ktor\u00fd poskytol spolo\u010dnosti Alcoa finan\u010dn\u00e9 prostriedky. Nesk\u00f4r Heroult vyvinul vlastn\u00fa verziu, ktor\u00e1 sa nakoniec stala \u0161tandardnou praxou v celom priemysle.<\/p>\n
Modern\u00e1 v\u00fdroba hlinitanov sa za\u010d\u00edna \u0165a\u017ebou prirodzene sa vyskytuj\u00faceho miner\u00e1lu bauxitu, ktor\u00fd obsahuje ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho. Tento miner\u00e1l sa z\u00edskava pomocou Bayerovho procesu - drven\u00edm a mie\u0161an\u00edm rozdrvenej rudy s roztokom hydroxidu sodn\u00e9ho s cie\u013eom vyzr\u00e1\u017ea\u0165 hydroxid hlinit\u00fd a potom jeho reakciou s uhli\u010ditanom sodn\u00fdm za vzniku hlinitanu sodn\u00e9ho, ktor\u00fd sa potom m\u00f4\u017ee pou\u017ei\u0165 v suchej, granulovanej alebo pr\u00e1\u0161kovej forme - napr\u00edklad na \u00fa\u010dely \u00fapravy vody a ako abraz\u00edvum na podporu flokul\u00e1cie, pri v\u00fdrobe \u017eiaruvzdorn\u00fdch teh\u00e1l alebo ako pr\u00edsada do bet\u00f3nov, ktor\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00fa r\u00fdchly v\u00fdvoj pevnosti a vysok\u00fa chemick\u00fa odolnos\u0165.<\/p>\n
Hlinitan je anorganick\u00e1 chemick\u00e1 zl\u00fa\u010denina pozost\u00e1vaj\u00faca z jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch at\u00f3mov hlin\u00edka v kombin\u00e1cii s at\u00f3mami kysl\u00edka. Ako oxyani\u00f3n patr\u00ed do skupiny b\u00f3ru v periodickej tabu\u013eke s valenciou jedna; pr\u00edkladom tak\u00e9hoto oxyani\u00f3nu je hlinitan sodn\u00fd, ktor\u00e9ho pou\u017eitie zah\u0155\u0148a \u010distenie vody, zmenu ve\u013ekosti plechov a v\u00fdrobu katalyz\u00e1torov, zeolitov a keramiky na pou\u017eitie v petrochemickom priemysle, ako aj pou\u017eitie moridla pri za\u010dat\u00ed procesov farbenia.<\/p>\n
Hlinitanov\u00fd i\u00f3n sa m\u00f4\u017ee vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 z alk\u00e1li\u00ed, ako je hydroxid sodn\u00fd a hydroxid draseln\u00fd. Be\u017ene sa pou\u017e\u00edva pri v\u00fdrobe hlin\u00edka a niektor\u00fdch druhov skla. Hlinitan sa dokonca m\u00f4\u017ee prirodzene vyskytova\u0165 v niektor\u00fdch miner\u00e1loch, napr\u00edklad v chryzoberyle.<\/p>\n
Hlinitan sa pri v\u00fdrobe cementu \u010dasto kombinuje s kremi\u010ditanmi, oxidom v\u00e1penat\u00fdm a sadrou, aby sa zv\u00fd\u0161ila kvalita bet\u00f3nu. Hlinitan pom\u00e1ha zni\u017eova\u0165 priepustnos\u0165 a nasiakavos\u0165 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 zvy\u0161uje pevnos\u0165 a trvanlivos\u0165, ako aj zabezpe\u010duje dobr\u00fa spracovate\u013enos\u0165 a zabra\u0148uje vzniku trhl\u00edn sp\u00f4soben\u00fdch zmr\u0161\u0165ovan\u00edm alebo dekrement\u00e1ciou - je obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fd pri vytv\u00e1ran\u00ed bet\u00f3nov\u00fdch zmes\u00ed odoln\u00fdch vo\u010di s\u00edranom.<\/p>\n
Viacer\u00ed autori uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa, \u017ee pridanie hlinitanu sodn\u00e9ho alebo v\u00e1penat\u00e9ho do bet\u00f3nu vedie k jeho transform\u00e1cii na ettringitov\u00fa f\u00e1zu. Doch\u00e1dza k tomu pravdepodobne preto, \u017ee s\u00edranov\u00e9 i\u00f3ny blokuj\u00fa koordina\u010dn\u00e9 miesta, ktor\u00e9 by inak boli vyplnen\u00e9 vod\u00edkov\u00fdmi alebo hydroxylov\u00fdmi i\u00f3nmi; k tomuto javu \u010dasto doch\u00e1dza bu\u010f pri zv\u00fd\u0161enej koncentr\u00e1cii s\u00edranov v zmesi, alebo ke\u010f sa cement mie\u0161a s ve\u013emi hor\u00facou vodou.<\/p>\n
Tvorba ettringitu m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 sp\u00f4soben\u00e1 aj t\u00fdm, \u017ee cement nie je po\u010das mie\u0161ania \u00faplne hydratovan\u00fd. M\u00f4\u017ee to by\u0165 sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 aj nerovnomern\u00fdm rozlo\u017een\u00edm hlinitanov v bet\u00f3ne alebo ne\u010distotami, ako je popol\u010dek a troska, ktor\u00e9 sa v \u0148om nem\u00f4\u017eu \u00fa\u010dinne rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u0165.<\/p>\n
Hlin\u00edk je mimoriadne flexibiln\u00fd materi\u00e1l a nach\u00e1dza uplatnenie v r\u00f4znych priemyseln\u00fdch odvetviach od \u00fapravy vody a\u017e po aplik\u00e1cie svietiace v tme. T\u00e1to v\u0161estrannos\u0165 vypl\u00fdva zo schopnosti hlin\u00edka vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 zl\u00fa\u010deniny s in\u00fdmi prvkami alebo zl\u00fa\u010deninami; hlinitany zase pomohli definova\u0165 na\u0161e materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 prostredie s rie\u0161eniami, ktor\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvaj\u00fa stavebn\u00edctvo, ch\u00e9miu a pokro\u010dil\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie.<\/p>\n
Hlinitan je anorganick\u00e1 chemick\u00e1 l\u00e1tka, ktor\u00e1 sa vyr\u00e1ba rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165an\u00edm hydroxidu hlinit\u00e9ho (gibsitu) v roztokoch hydroxidu sodn\u00e9ho a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm pridan\u00edm uhli\u010ditanu sodn\u00e9ho ako rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adla. Hlinitan m\u00e1 mnoho priemyseln\u00fdch vyu\u017eit\u00ed vr\u00e1tane poskytovania \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch zdrojov hydroxidu hlinit\u00e9ho, ako aj suroviny na v\u00fdrobu oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho. Hlinitan sa dod\u00e1va v pevnej forme aj vo forme roztoku; v naj\u010distej\u0161ej forme (NaAlO2) je jeho vzorec NaAlO2. Bezvod\u00e9 verzie sa zvy\u010dajne vyskytuj\u00fa ako biele kry\u0161talizovan\u00e9 soli, hoci m\u00f4\u017eu existova\u0165 aj in\u00e9 farby, napr\u00edklad ru\u017eov\u00e1 alebo hned\u00e1, v z\u00e1vislosti od toho, ako r\u00fdchlo alebo r\u00fdchlo prebiehaj\u00fa v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 met\u00f3dy.<\/p>\n
Uhl\u00edkov\u00e1 \u010der\u0148 m\u00e1 viacero aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed v priemyselnom prostred\u00ed a ako pr\u00edsada v keramick\u00fdch v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch procesoch. V\u010faka svojej odolnosti vo\u010di oderu a tvrdosti je \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdm \u017eiaruvzdorn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom, ktor\u00fd je schopn\u00fd odol\u00e1va\u0165 extr\u00e9mnym teplot\u00e1m; okrem toho sa sadze m\u00f4\u017eu legova\u0165 s r\u00f4znymi kovmi na vytvorenie r\u00f4znych v\u00fdrobkov.<\/p>\n
Oxid hlinit\u00fd sa m\u00f4\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 aj ako br\u00fasiace a le\u0161tiace \u010dinidlo pri v\u00fdrobe skla a v metalurgii a sl\u00fa\u017ei ako hlavn\u00e1 zlo\u017eka hlinitanov\u00e9ho skla, ktor\u00e9 mo\u017eno n\u00e1js\u0165 na okn\u00e1ch automobilov, \u010deln\u00fdch skl\u00e1ch lietadiel a in\u00fdch sklenen\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkoch. Na rozdiel od mnoh\u00fdch brus\u00edv si pri manipul\u00e1cii s n\u00edm nevy\u017eaduje ochrann\u00e9 rukavice; okrem toho je neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou mnoh\u00fdch inhib\u00edtorov kor\u00f3zie a maz\u00edv.<\/p>\n
Hlinitanov\u00e9 cementy v\u00e1penat\u00e9 sa \u0161iroko vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v stavebn\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00e1ch pre r\u00fdchly v\u00fdvoj pevnosti pri ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch teplot\u00e1ch a vysok\u00fa chemick\u00fa odolnos\u0165, zvy\u010dajne v zmesiach s portlandsk\u00fdm cementom. Poskytuj\u00fa vy\u0161\u0161iu odolnos\u0165 proti abr\u00e1zii a p\u00f4sobeniu s\u00edranov ako \u0161tandardn\u00e9 bet\u00f3ny.<\/p>\n
Hlinitan sodn\u00fd je nenahradite\u013en\u00e1 priemyseln\u00e1 zl\u00fa\u010denina. Pou\u017e\u00edva sa ako z\u00e1sadit\u00fd koagulant pri \u010disten\u00ed kysl\u00fdch odpadov\u00fdch v\u00f4d na zn\u00ed\u017eenie tvorby kalov, ako aj pri v\u00fdrobe \u017eiaruvzdorn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov a oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n
Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 American Elements dod\u00e1va hlinitany v r\u00f4znych form\u00e1ch, od gran\u00fal a\u017e po nanopr\u00e1\u0161ok. Dod\u00e1vame ho v mnoh\u00fdch \u0161tandardn\u00fdch triedach vr\u00e1tane tried Mil Spec, ACS\/Reagent a Technical Grade, potravin\u00e1rskej, po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej a farmaceutickej triedy, ako aj triedy USP (Eur\u00f3psky liekopis\/Britsk\u00fd liekopis). V\u0161etok vyr\u00e1ban\u00fd materi\u00e1l sp\u013a\u0148a platn\u00e9 \u0161pecifik\u00e1cie ASTM.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Aluminate (Al(OH)3) is a chemical compound with the formula Al(OH). It’s a white crystalline solid produced from dissolving aluminium hydroxide […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-56","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-alumina-knowledge"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/aluminaceramics.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/aluminaceramics.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/aluminaceramics.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aluminaceramics.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aluminaceramics.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=56"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/aluminaceramics.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":57,"href":"https:\/\/aluminaceramics.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56\/revisions\/57"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/aluminaceramics.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=56"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aluminaceramics.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=56"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aluminaceramics.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=56"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}